Internal governance imperatives for universities
Abstract
In a world of increasing concern about corporate governance, universities should be at the forefront of role modelling sound governance and promoting the development of moral standards in society in accordance with one of their central mandates. This paper argues that compliance with relevant legislation and higher education policy of the country is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for sound and meaningful governance within universities. What is also required is the exposing and addressing of those ‘less easy to articulate’ and often subtle practices that render meaningless espoused values and that hamper full collegiality that can contribute to the achievement of university objectives. In addition, this omission has resulted in poor role modelling of governance standards to students who pass through universities on their way to becoming future leaders and decision-makers. These are the students who may translate their university experience into the way they influence, in some way, the moral standards of society. The paper concludes by posing three questions, as a start, to guide the interrogation of governance and to begin the process of developing moral responsibility at universities.ÂDownloads
References
Agle, B.B. & Kelley, P.C. 2001. Ensuring validity in the measurement of corporate social performance: Lessons from corporate United Way and PAC campaigns. Journal of Business Ethics, 31: 271–284.
Almaric, F. & Hauser, J. 2005. Economic drivers of corporate responsibility activities. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Winter (20): 27–38.
Bartlett, T. 2003. A textbook example. The Chronicle of Higher Education: 49, 42.
Bartlett, T. & Smallwood, S. 2004. Four academic plagiarists you’ve never heard of: How many more are out there? The Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(17): A8–A12.
Begley, P.T. & Stefkovich, J. 2007. Integrating values and ethics into post secondary teaching for leadership development: Principles, concepts and strategies. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(4): 398–412.
Bernardi, R.A., Giuliano, J.L., Komatsu, E., Potter, B.M. & Yamamoto, S. 2004. Contrasting the cheating behaviours of college students from the United States and Japan. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 5(4): 5–31.
Bird, F.B. & Waters, J.A. 1989. The moral muteness of managers. California Management Review, 32(1): 73–88.
Blase, J. & Blase, J. 2004. The dark side of school leadership: Implications for administrator preparation. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 3(4): 245–273.
Bok, D. 1990. Universities and the future of America. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Bolin, A.U. 2004. Self-control, perceived opportunity, and attitudes as predictors of academic dishonesty. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 138: 101–114.
Born, A.D. 2003. How to reduce plagiarism. Journal of Information Systems Education, 14(3): 223–224.
Braun, D. & Merrien, F. 1999. Toward a new model of governance for universities: A comparative view. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Bruhn, J.G., Zajac, G., Al-Kazemi, A.A. & Prescott, L.D. Jr. 2002. Moral positions and academic conduct: Parameters of tolerance for ethics failure. Journal of Higher Education, 73(4): 461–493.
Cabral-Cardosa, C. 2004. Ethical misconduct in the business school: A case of plagiarism that turned bitter. Journal of Business Ethics, 49: 75–89.
Cadbury Report. 1992. The financial aspects of corporate governance. London: Gee.
Caron, M.D., Krauss-Whitbourne, S.K. & Halgin, R.P. 1992. Fraudulent excuse making among college students. Teaching of Psychology, 19: 90–93.
Castro, B. 2001, Business ethics: Brightening the corner where we are. Teaching Business Ethics, 5: 411–418.
Chapman, K.J., Davis, R., Toy, D. & Wright, L. 2004. Academic integrity in the business school environment: I’ll get by with a little help from my friends. Journal of Marketing Education, 26: 236–249.
Committee of University Chairmen. 1998. Guide for members of governing bodies of universities and colleges in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. March 98/12. Bristol: HEFCE.
Conroy, S. & Emerson, T. 2004. Business education and religion: Religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students. Journal of Business Ethics, 50: 383–396.
Control Risks Group. 2006. Global corruption survey. [Online]. Available: www.controlrisks.com/PDF/ corruptionsurvey2006. Accessed on 29 September 2008.
Cooper, T. 1987. Hierarchy, virtue, and the practice of public administration: A perspective for normative ethics. Public Administration Review, 47: 320–328.
Council on Higher Education (CHE). 2002. Promoting good governance in South African higher education. Pretoria: Council on Higher Education.
Council on Higher Education (CHE). 2008. Academic freedom, institutional autonomy and public accountability in South African higher education. Report of the Independent Task Team on Higher Education, Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom. Pretoria: Council on Higher Education.
Daniel, L.G., Elliott-Howard, F. & DuFrene, D.D. 1997. The ethical issues rating scale: An instrument for measuring ethical orientation of college students toward various business practices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57: 515–526.
Dawkins, R.L. 2004. Attributes and statuses of college students associated with classroom cheating on a small- sized campus. College Student Journal, 38: 116–129.
De Bruin, G.P. & Rudnick, H. 2007. Examining the cheats: The role of conscientiousness and excitement seeking in academic dishonesty. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(1): 153–164.
Deem, R. 1998. ‘New managerialism’ and higher education: The management of performances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 8(1): 47–70.
Delanty, G. 2002. The governance of universities: What is the role of the university in the knowledge society? Canadian Journal of Sociology, 27(2): 185–198.
Demski, J.S. 2003. Corporate conflicts of interest. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(2): 51–72.
Desplaces, D.E., Melchar, D.E., Beauvais, L.L. & Bosco, S.M. 2007. The impact of business education on moral judgment competence: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 74: 73–87.
Devlin, M. & Gray, K. 2007: In their own words: A qualitative study of the reasons Australian university students plagarize. Higher Education Research and Development, 26(2): 1811–198.
Dibetle, M. 2008. Team to probe university. Mail and Guardian, September: 19–25, 14.
Eliot, T.S. 1962. Notes towards the definition of culture. [Originally published in 1943.] London: Faber and Faber.
Embleton, K. & Helfer, D.S. 2007. The plague of plagiarism and academic dishonesty. Searcher, 15(6): 23–26.
Fisher, J. 2003. Surface and deep approaches to business ethics. Leadership and Organization Development Journal,
(2): 96–101.
Foucault, M. 1977. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. London: Penguin.
Garrat, R. 1990. The fish rots from the head. London: HarperCollinsBusiness.
Garson, P. 1993. Nkondo’s PhD: In his own words? Mail and Guardian, 9(37): 9.
Gbadamosi, G. 2004. Academic ethics: What has morality, culture and administration got to do with its measurement? Management Decision, 42(9): 1145–1161.
Gerdy, J. 2002. Athletic victories, educational defeats. Academe, 35: 1–7.
Goodstein, D. 2002. Scientific misconduct. Academe, 1: 28–31.
Gower, P. & Dibetle, M. 2008. The vice in VC. Mail and Guardian, 24(44): 7.
Granitz, N & Loewy, D. 2007. Applying ethical theories: Interpreting and responding to student plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72: 293–306.
Gundersen, D.E., Capozzoli, E.A. & Rajamma, R.K. 2008. Learned ethical behaviour: An academic perspective. Journal of Education for Business, July/August: 315–324.
Habib, A. & Morrow, S. 2007. Research, research productivity and the state in South Africa. Journal of Higher Education Research, 5(1): 113–130.
Hall, M., Symes, A. & Luescher, T. 2004. The governance of mergers in South African Higher Education. Research report prepared for the Council on Higher Education. Pretoria: Council on Higher Education.
Hawawini, G. 2005. The future of business schools. Journal of Management Development, 24(9): 770–782.
Hoffman, H. 1998. Heath se span kyk na die sake in Venda. Beeld. (28 July, 1998). p. 13.
Hogness, J.R. 1986. The essence of education: Ethics and morality. Vital Speeches of the Day, 52: 561–563.
Howard, J.A. 1986. Higher education and civilization in trouble: Producing a virtuous populace. Vital Speeches of the Day, 55: 314–318.
Iltis, A.S. 2001. Organizational ethics and institutional integrity. HEC Forum, 13(4): 317–328.
Institute of Business Ethics. 2007. Surveys on business ethics 2006. London: IBE.
Irvin, L. 2002. Ethics in organizations: A chaos perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15(4): 359–381.
Jaccarino, M., Goldiner, D. & Gendar, A. 2008. Fired noose prof rips plagiarism rap. New York Daily News. (25 June, 2008). p. 12.
Kelley, P.C. & Chang, P.L. 2007. A typology of university ethical lapses: Types, levels of seriousness, and originating location. The Journal of Higher Education, 78(4): 402–429.
Keohane, N.O. 1999. The fundamental values of academic integrity. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University, The Center for Academic Integrity.
Kets de Vries, M. 1995. Life and death in the executive fast lane: Essays on irrational organizations and their leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kezar, A. & Eckel, P.D. 2004. Meeting today’s governance challenges: A synthesis of the literature and examination of a future agenda for scholarship. Journal of Higher Education, 75(4): 371–399.
Kidwell, L.A. 2001. Student honor codes as a tool for teaching professional ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 29: 45–49.
Kidwell, L.A, Woziak, K & Laurel, J.P. 2003 Student reports and faculty perceptions of academic dishonesty. Teaching Business Ethics, 7: 205–214.
Koslowski, D. 2001. Think carefully. Vital Speeches of the Day, 67(19): 594–596.
Kulati, T. 2000. Governance, leadership and institutional change in South African higher education: Grappling with instability. Tertiary Education and Management, 6(3): 117–192.
Lahm, R.J. 2007. Plagiarism and business plans: A growing challenge for entrepreneurship education? Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 10: 73–84.
Lazzeretti, L. & Tavoletti, E. 2006. Governance shifts in higher education: A cross-national comparison. European Educational Research Journal, 5(1): 18–37.
Leroy Long, E. 1992. Higher education as a moral enterprise. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Levy, E.S. & Rakovski, C.C. 2006. Academic dishonesty: A zero tolerance – professor and student registration choices. Research in Higher Education, 47(6): 735–754.
Lickona, T. 1991. Educating for character: How our schools can teach respect and responsibility. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Martin, J.S. & Marion, R. 2005. Higher education leadership roles in knowledge processing. The Learning Organisation, 12(2): 140–151.
McAlpine, L. & Harris, R. 2002. Evaluating teaching effectiveness and teaching improvement: A language for institutional policies and academic development practices. The International Journal for Academic Development, 7(1): 7–17.
McBee, M.L. 1980. New directions in higher education: Rethinking college responsibility for values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McCabe, D.L. & Trevino, L.K. 1993. Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and other contextual influences. Journal of Higher Education, 64: 520–528.
McWillaims, V. & Nahavandi, A. 2006. Using live cases to teach ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 67: 421–433.
Meacham, J. 1993. Class dismissed: Universities should start caring about how well – and how much – teachers teach. Washington Monthly, 42(5): 5.
Middlehurst, R. 1999. New realities for leadership and governance in higher education. Tertiary Education and Management, 5(4): 307–329.
Mora, J.G. 2001. Governance and management in the new university. Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2): 95–107.
Morrell, K. & Anderson, M. 2006. Dialogue and scrutiny in organizational ethics. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(2): 117–129.
Mulhauser, D. 2002. A matter of degree. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 48: 18.
O’Connell, D.W. 1998: From universities to the marketplace: The business ethics journey. Journal of Business Ethics, 17: 1617–1622.
Park, C. 2003. In other (people’s) words: Plagiarism by university students – literature and lessons. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 28: 471–488.
Pillsbury, C. 2004. Reflections of academic misconduct: An investigating officer’s experiences and ethics supplements. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1/2): 446–454.
Pino, N.W. & Smith, W.L. 2003. College students and academic dishonesty. College Student Journal, 37: 490– 500.
Piper, T.R., Gentile, M.C. & Parks, S.D. 1993. Can ethics be taught? Perspectives, challenges and approaches at Harvard Business School. Cambridge MA: Harvard Business Press.
Pounder, J.S. 2001. ‘New leadership’ and university organisational effectiveness: Exploring the relationship. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(5–6): 281–290.
Pounder, J.S. 2002. Public accountability in Hong Kong higher education. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(6/7): 458–474.
Procario-Foley, E.G. & Bean, D.F. 2002. Institutions of higher education: Cornerstones in building ethical organizations. Teaching Business Ethics, 6(1): 101–116.
Pulley, J.L. 2005 More schools are teaching social and environmental ethics. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(10): A.34.
Rantz, R. 2002. Leading urban institutions of higher education in the new millennium. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23(8): 456–466.
Rawwas, M.Y.A. & Isakson, H.R. 2000. Ethics of tomorrow’s business managers. Journal of Education for Business, 75(6): 321–331.
Reed, D. & Wellen, R. 2004. Introduction. Journal of Academic Ethics, 2: 1–2.
Republic of South Africa. 1997. Higher Education Act No. 101, as amended by the Higher Education Amendment Act No. 55 of 1999, Higher Education Amendment Act No. 54 of 2000, Higher Education Amendment Act No23 of 2001. Pretoria: The Government Printer.
Rhodes, R. & Strain, J.J. 2000. Trust and transforming medical institutions. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 9: 205–217.
Robertson, B. 2006. VOA news: China’s universities struggle with academic plagiarism. US Federal News Service, 10 June.
Roig, M. & Caso, M. 2005. Lying and cheating: Fraudulent excuse making, cheating, and plagiarism. The Journal of Psychology, 139(6): 485–494.
Rossouw, D. 2004. Developing business ethics as an academic field. Johannesburg: BEN-Africa.
Russouw, S. 2005. Cheats netted in hi-tech trap. Saturday Weekend Argus. (25 February, 2005). p. 1.
Samier, E. 2008. The problem of passive evil in educational administration: Moral implications of doing nothing. International Studies in Educational Administration, 36(1): 2–21.
Schnake, M., Dumler, M.P. & Fredenberger, W. 2005. Predicting overall ethical climate, student retention, cheating, satisfaction with university, and perceived stress with student perceptions of faculty unethical behaviour. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 9(3): 31–39.
Schneider, A. 1999: Why professors don’t do more to stop students who cheat. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 22: A8.
Schulte, L.E. 2001. Graduate education faculty and student perceptions of ethical climate and its importance in the retention of students. College Student Retention, 3: 119–136.
Sporn, B. 2001. Building adaptive universities: Emerging organisational forms based on experiences of European and US universities. Tertiary Education and Management, 7(2): 121–134.
Sterngold, A. 2004. Confronting plagiarism. Change, 36: 16–21.
Stevens, R.E., Harris, O.J. & Williamson, S. 1994. Evaluations of unethical situations by university faculty: A comparative study. Journal of Education for Business, 69: 145–150.
Swift, C.O. & Nonis, S. 1998. When no one is watching: Cheating behaviors on projects and assignments. Marketing Education Review, 8: 27–36.
Thomas, A. & de Bruin, D. (in progress). Upholding ethics in academia: Grading the teachers. Research currently in progress at the University of Johannesburg.
Trevino, L.K. 1986. Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11(3): 601–617.
UN Global Compact. 2007. The principles for responsible management education. New York: United Nations.
Van der Werf, M. 2002. Professor punished for consulting. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 49: 16.
Vinten, G 2000. The business school in the new millennium. The International Journal of Educational Management, 14(4): 180–191.
Walker, D. 2002. 2 Oxford professors quit after sting. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 48: 30.
Weinberg, G.S. & Kistner, U. 2007. Introduction: From ivory tower to market place: What future for the university in South Africa? Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 5(1): 1–7.
Westhues, K. 2005. The envy of excellence: Administrative mobbing of high-achieving professors. Lewiston: Edwin Mellon Press.
Whitley, B.E. Jr. 1998. Factors associated with cheating among college students: A review. Research in Higher Education, 39: 235–274.
Williams, M.S. & Hosek, W.R. 2003. Strategies for reducing academic dishonesty. Journal of Legal Studies Education, 21: 87–92.
Williams, S.D. & Dewett, T. 2005. Yes, you can teach business ethics: A review and research agenda. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 12(2): 109–120.
Wu, V. 2006. Plagiarism case resounds beyond academic circles. South China Morning Post. (April 24, 2006). p. 6.
This journal is an open access journal, and the authors and journal should be properly acknowledged, when works are cited.
Authors may use the publisher's version for teaching purposes, in books, theses, dissertations, conferences and conference papers.
A copy of the authors’ publisher's version may also be hosted on the following websites:
- Non-commercial personal homepage or blog.
- Institutional webpage.
- Authors Institutional Repository.
The following notice should accompany such a posting on the website: “This is an electronic version of an article published in the African Journal of Business Ethics, Volume XXX, number XXX, pages XXX–XXX”, DOI. Authors should also supply a hyperlink to the original paper or indicate where the original paper (http://ajobe.journals.ac.za/pub) may be found.
The following Creative Commons license applies:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.